Finns det olika dialekter i afghanistan

Languages of Afghanistan
Ethnolinguisticgroups of Afghanistan in 1997 (Hazaragi and Tajik are dialects of Persian)[1]
Official	Dari, Pashto
Regional	Uzbek, folkgrupp, Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani
Minority	Arabic, Gujari, Urdu, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Sindhi
Foreign	English (c. 5%)[2]
Signed	Afghan Sign Language
Keyboard layout

Afghanistan fryst vatten a linguistically diverse nation, with upwards of 40 distinct languages.^{[3][Note 1]} However, Pashto and Dari are two of the most prominent languages in the country, and have shared tjänsteman ställning eller tillstånd beneath various governments of Afghanistan.

Dari, as a shared language between multiple ethnic groups in the country, has served as a historical lingua franca between different linguistic groups in the område and fryst vatten the most widely understood language in the country.^[4][5] Pashto fryst vatten also widely spoken in the region; but the language does not have a diverse multi-ethnic population like Persian, and the language fryst vatten not as commonly spoken bygd non-Pashtuns.^{[6][Note 2]} Persian and Pashto are also (in a linguistic sense) "relatives", as both are Iranian languages.^{[7][8][9][10]}

According to CIA World Factbook, Dari fryst vatten spoken bygd 60% (L1 + L2) and functions as the lingua franca, while Pashto fryst vatten spoken bygd 59%, uzbek 10%, English 5%, folkgrupp 2%, Urdu 1%, Pashayi 1%, Nuristani 1%, Arabic 1%, and Balochi 1% (2021 est).

information företräda the most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because there fryst vatten much bilingualism in the country and because respondents were allowed to select more than one language.

Official languages.

The Turkic languages uzbek and folkgrupp, as well as Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani, and Pamiri are the third tjänsteman languages in areas where the majority speaks them.^[11]

Both Persian and Pashto are Indo-European languages from the Iranian languages sub-family. Other regional languages, such as uzbekisk, folkgrupp, Balochi, Pashayi and Nuristani, are spoken bygd minority groups across the country.

Minor languages include: Ashkunu, Kamkata-viri, Vasi-vari, Tregami and Kalasha-ala, Pamiri (Shughni, Munji, Ishkashimi and Wakhi), Brahui, Arabic, and Pashai and Kyrgyz, and Punjabi.^[12] lingvist Harald Haarmann believes that Afghanistan fryst vatten home to more than 40 minor languages,^[3] with around 200 different dialects.

Overview

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The Persian or Dari language functions as the nation's lingua franca and fryst vatten the native tongue of several of Afghanistan's ethnic groups including the Tajiks, Hazaras and Aimaqs.^[13] Pashto fryst vatten the native tongue of the Pashtuns, the dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan.^[14] Due to Afghanistan's multi-ethnic character, multilingualism fryst vatten a common phenomenon.

The exact figures about the storlek and composition of the various ethnolinguistic groups are unavailable since no systematic census has been held in Afghanistan in decades.^[15] The table below displays estimates of the major languages spoken in Afghanistan per sample statistics:

Statistics vary considerably from source to source, the amount of total Dari (L1+L2) speakers tends to be the most consistent (77-80%).

Between sources the amount of L1 speakers of Pashto and Dari vary considerably. With Encyclopedia Britannica estimating that roughly 1/2 of the population of Afghanistan speaks Dari natively, and "more than" 2/5 of Afghanistan speaking Pashto natively. While estimating a lower amount of native Pashto speakers then other sources, Britannica estimates that roughly 20% of the population spoke Pashto as a second language (an estimate higher that most other sources).

Britannica also notes that many Pashtuns (particularly in urban areas) speak Dari as their first language, so the quantity of first language speakers fryst vatten not a reliable indication of ethnicity.^[17] Other sources may give higher estimates for L1 Pashto speakers but lower estimates for L2 speakers, and may give varying estimates for Dari depending on whether regional varieties of Dari such as Hazaragi and Aimaq are counted as languages or dialects.

Encyclopedia Iranica estimates that 50-55% of Afghanistan speaks Pashto as their native language, but estimates few second language speakers (no estimate was given, only that the amount of L2 speakers was "less than 10%"). Iranica also estimated 25% of Afghanistan natively speaking Dari^[18] but also categorized varieties of Persian spoken in huvud Afghanistan as different languages as Dari, and gave no estimates to the percentage of non-Dari Persian speakers.

Iranica also made no reference to how many ethnic Pashtuns spoke Dari as their first language.

A sizeable population in Afghanistan, especially in Kabul, can also speak and understand Hindustani due to the popularity and influence of Bollywood films and songs in the region.^[19][20]

Language policy

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The tjänsteman languages of the country are Dari and Pashto, as established bygd the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan.

Dari fryst vatten the most widely spoken language of Afghanistan's tjänsteman languages and acts as a lingua franca for the country. In 1980, other regional languages were granted tjänsteman ställning eller tillstånd in the regions where they are the language of the majority.^[21] This policy was codified in the 2004 person från afghanistan Constitution, which established uzbekier, folkgrupp, Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani and Pamiri as a third tjänsteman language in areas where they are spoken bygd a majority of the population.^[22]

Language families

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Since Afghanistan fryst vatten predominantly located on the Iranian plateau, the majority of spoken languages belong to the family of Iranic languages.

Turkic languages are spoken sparsely at the nordlig intersection of the plateau with huvud Asia.

Det finns även större dialekter sålunda vilket hazaragi, vilket existerar ett persisk dialekt närbesläktad tillsammans dari.

Similarly, Nuristani languages and Dravidian languages are spoken sparsely at some regions where the plateau intersects with the Indian subcontinent.

Endangered languages

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Until 2004, Dari and Pashto were the only languages promoted bygd the government. Though policy has since changed, it has still harmed many minority languages of the country. The table below shows endangered languages spoken in Afghanistan that are recognized bygd UNESCO.^[24][25] UNESCO recognizes 23 endangered languages in Afghanistan, 12 of which are exclusively spoken in Afghanistan and one having gone extinct after UNESCO's survey.

Language	UNESCO ställning eller tillstånd	Language Group	Language Family	Native to	Speakers (All Countries)
Ashkun	Definitely endangered	Nuristani (Indo-Iranian)	Indo-European	Afghanistan (exclusively)	40,000 (2011)
Brahui	Vulnerable	Northern Dravidian	Dravidian	Afghanistan, Pakistan	2,864,400 (2018)
Central Asian Arabic	Definitely endangered	Semitic	Afro-Asiatic	Afghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan	6,000 (2003)
Gawar-Bati	Definitely endangered	Indo-Aryan (Indo-Iranian)	Indo-European	Afghanistan, Pakistan	9,500 (1992)
Kamkata-vari	Definitely endangered	Nuristani	Indo-European	Afghanistan, Pakistan	40,000 (2017)
Moghol	Moribund(i)	Moghol(ii)	Mongolic	Afghanistan (exclusively)	200 (2003)(iii)
Munji	Severely endangered	Iranian (Indo-Iranian)	Indo-European	Afghanistan (exclusively)	5,300 (2008)
Nangalami	Severely endangered	Indo-Aryan	Indo-European	Afghanistan (exclusively)	5,000 (1994)
Ormuri	Definitely endangered	Iranian	Indo-European	Afghanistan, Pakistan	6,000 (2004)
Parachi	Definitely endangered	Iranian	Indo-European	Afghanistan (exclusively)	3,500 (2009)
Parya	Severely endangered	Indo-Aryan	Indo-European	Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan	2,600 (No Date)(iv)
Pashayi	Vulnerable	Indo-Aryan	Indo-European	Afghanistan (exclusively)	400,000 (2011)
Rushani	Definitely endangered	Iranian	Indo-European	Afghanistan, Tajikistan	18,000 (1990)
Savi	Definitely endangered	Indo-Aryan	Indo-European	Afghanistan (exclusively)	9,000 (2017)
Sanglechi	Severely endangered	Iranian	Indo-European	Afghanistan, Tajikistan	2,200 (2009)
Shughni	Vulnerable	Iranian	Indo-European	Afghanistan, Tajikistan	75,000 (1990)
Shumashti	Severely endangered	Indo-Aryan	Indo-European	Afghanistan (exclusively)	1,000 (1994)
Tirahi	Moribund(i)	Indo-Aryan	Indo-European	Afghanistan (exclusively)	100 (undated)[26]
Tregami	Severely endangered	Nuristani	Indo-European	Afghanistan (exclusively)	3,500 (2011)
Kalasha-Ala	Definitely endangered	Nuristani	Indo-European	Afghanistan (exclusively)	12,000 (2011)
Wakhi	Definitely endangered	Iranian	Indo-European	Afghanistan, China, Pakistan, Tajikistan	58,000 (2012)
Wasi-Wari	Definitely endangered	Nuristani	Indo-European	Afghanistan (exclusively)	8,000 (2011)
Wotapuri-Katarqalai	Extinct (no living speakers left)	Indo-Aryan	Indo-European	Afghanistan (formerly)	0

• ^(i) lit.
  I Afghanistan råder språklig mångfald.

  "verge of death" Language has so few speakers, it fryst vatten unlikely to survive unless immediate action fryst vatten taken to preserve it

• ^(ii) Moghol fryst vatten the only language in its branch
• ^(iii) Possibly Extinct
• ^(iv) Language has died or gone extinct in Afghanistan, but survives elsewhere.

See also

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References

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Further reading

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External links

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